[261], The city of Pella, in modern Jordan, was founded by veterans of Alexander's army, and named it after the city of Pella, in Greece, which was the birthplace of Alexander. Alexander III of Macedon, better known as Alexander the Great (l. 21 July 356 BCE 10 or 11 June 323 BCE, r. 336-323 BCE), was the son of King Philip II of Macedon (r. 359-336 BCE) who became king upon his father's death in 336 BCE and then conquered most of the known world of his day.. Alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mould of Achilles, featuring prominently in the historical and mythical traditions of both Greek and non-Greek cultures. [258], The eastern borders of Alexander's empire began to collapse even during his lifetime. CITY COUNCIL / PLANNING & ZONING. By N. G. L. Hammond, F. W. Walbank, G. LE RIDER, Alexandre le Grand: Monnaie, finances et politique, Chapitre V, "Histoire", PUF, 2003, p153-214, REBUFFAT Franoise, La monnaie dans l'Antiquit, Picard, 1996 .p204. WebAlexander PCs is proud to be an official NVIDIA partner. While there, he encountered a statue of Alexander the Great, and realised with dissatisfaction that he was now at an age when Alexander had the world at his feet, while he had achieved comparatively little. [54] This reply apparently delighted Alexander, who is reported to have said "But verily, if I were not Alexander, I would like to be Diogenes. Alexander responded quickly and drove them from their territory. [102] Alexander wrote a letter in 332 BC to Darius III, wherein he argued that he was worthier than Darius "to succeed to the Achaemenid throne". Philip was then named Hegemon (often translated as "Supreme Commander") of this league (known by modern scholars as the League of Corinth), and announced his plans to attack the Persian Empire. [35] At Corinth, Philip established a "Hellenic Alliance" (modelled on the old anti-Persian alliance of the Greco-Persian Wars), which included most Greek city-states except Sparta. [187] Furthermore, Perdiccas had read the notebooks containing Alexander's last plans to the Macedonian troops in Babylon, who voted not to carry them out.[62]. [297], Pausanias writes that Alexander wanted to dig through the Mimas mountain (in today's Karaburun area), but didn't succeed. [279] For example, Greek astronomical instruments dating to the 3rd century BC were found in the Greco-Bactrian city of Ai Khanoum in modern-day Afghanistan,[280] while the Greek concept of a spherical Earth surrounded by the spheres of planets eventually supplanted the long-standing Indian cosmological belief of a disc consisting of four continents grouped around a central mountain (Mount Meru) like the petals of a flower. FIRE DEPT. These Greco-Buddhist kingdoms sent some of the first Buddhist missionaries to China, Sri Lanka and Hellenistic Asia and Europe (Greco-Buddhist monasticism). Attalus also had severely insulted Alexander, and following Cleopatra's murder, Alexander may have considered him too dangerous to leave alive. Anthropology. He continued the tradition of writing close commentaries on Aristotles work established in the first century BCE by He overcame this by being personally involved in battle,[89] in the manner of a Macedonian king. The song 'Alexander the Great' by the British heavy metal band Iron Maiden is indicative. They went on to occupy the city of Elatea, only a few days' march from both Athens and Thebes. When news of the revolts reached Alexander, he responded quickly. HOME. [50] He also had two Macedonian princes from the region of Lyncestis killed for having been involved in his father's assassination, but spared a third, Alexander Lyncestes. Philip deliberately commanded his troops to retreat, counting on the untested Athenian hoplites to follow, thus breaking their line. [9][10] He was the son of the erstwhile king of Macedon, Philip II, and his fourth wife, Olympias (daughter of Neoptolemus I, king of Epirus). Asian Studies. Philip then returned to Elatea, sending a final offer of peace to Athens and Thebes, who both rejected it. This would fit with the intended destination of Alexander's funeral cortege. [73][74] The men of military age were massacred and the women and children sold into slavery. There have been, since the time, many suspicions that Pausanias was actually hired to murder Philip. [216], Alexander's legacy extended beyond his military conquests, and his reign marked a turning point in European and Asian history. Demades likened the Macedonian army, after the death of Alexander, to the blinded Cyclops, due to the many random and disorderly movements that it made. [43] However, it appears Philip never intended to disown his politically and militarily trained son. ", In 337 BC, Alexander fled Macedon with his mother, dropping her off with her brother, King Alexander I of Epirus in Dodona, capital of the Molossians. [233] Thus, rather than megalomania, his behaviour may have been a practical attempt at strengthening his rule and keeping his empire together. Vocabulary. He is known as 'the great' both for his [272] The close association of men from across Greece in Alexander's army directly led to the emergence of the largely Attic-based "koine", or "common" Greek dialect. Alexander, the King of Macedonia and one of the greatest army leaders in the history of warfare, conquers much of the known world. In the process, both Alexander IV and Philip III were murdered. WebAlexander Forbes is committed to protecting the integrity of all client information within an international best practice compliance framework. It was originally thought to have been the sarcophagus of Abdalonymus (died 311 BC), the king of Sidon appointed by Alexander immediately following the battle of Issus in 331. The common soldiers, anxious about his health, were granted the right to file past him as he silently waved at them. [239][240] He apparently had two sons, Alexander IV of Macedon by Roxana and, possibly, Heracles of Macedon from his mistress Barsine. Buy Now. [310], According to Josephus, Alexander was shown the Book of Daniel when he entered Jerusalem, which described a mighty Greek king who would conquer the Persian Empire. Buy Now. pp. Alexander followed close behind and captured the strategic hill-fort after four bloody days. [192] The Macedonian phalanx, armed with the sarissa, a spear 6 metres (20ft) long, had been developed and perfected by Philip II through rigorous training, and Alexander used its speed and manoeuvrability to great effect against larger but more disparate Persian forces. [232] However, Alexander also was a pragmatic ruler who understood the difficulties of ruling culturally disparate peoples, many of whom lived in kingdoms where the king was divine. [138][139] As a gesture of thanks, he paid off the debts of his soldiers, and announced that he would send over-aged and disabled veterans back to Macedon, led by Craterus. [192], In his first battle in Asia, at Granicus, Alexander used only a small part of his forces, perhaps 13,000 infantry with 5,000 cavalry, against a much larger Persian force of 40,000. The Athenians, led by Demosthenes, voted to seek alliance with Thebes against Macedonia. Its finely-grained structure lends a smooth, rich, beefy flavor. [196] At the decisive encounter with Darius at Gaugamela, Darius equipped his chariots with scythes on the wheels to break up the phalanx and equipped his cavalry with pikes. Computer Science. [63][64] At first, all went well. A 1998 article in the New England Journal of Medicine attributed his death to typhoid fever complicated by bowel perforation and ascending paralysis. Greek astronomical treatise) and Paulisa Siddhanta texts depict the influence of Greek astronomical ideas on Indian astronomy. [102] This created a problem for Alexander as to whether he had to make use of the various segments and people that had given the empire its solidity and unity for a lengthy period of time. [102] As early as 334 BC he demonstrated awareness of this, when he challenged incumbent King Darius III "by appropriating the main elements of the Achaemenid monarchy's ideology, particularly the theme of the king who protects the lands and the peasants". A juicy, generously marbled steak and one of the tenderest cuts of beef. [17], This article is about the ancient king of Macedonia. Both Athens and Philip sent embassies to win Thebes's favour, but Athens won the contest. [116], Alexander did not attempt to impose uniform imperial coinage throughout his new conquests. WebAlexander (2004) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand war elephants. Trending. [149] Another theory is that his successors wilfully or erroneously misheard "ti Krateri""to Craterus", the general leading his Macedonian troops home and newly entrusted with the regency of Macedonia. [216] Although Alexander was stubborn and did not respond well to orders from his father, he was open to reasoned debate. [250], Green argues that there is little evidence in ancient sources that Alexander had much carnal interest in women; he did not produce an heir until the very end of his life. The territory was colonized, and a city, named Alexandropolis, was founded. [111] There was also considerable friction between Antipater and Olympias, and each complained to Alexander about the other. First published Mon Oct 13, 2003; substantive revision Thu Jan 19, 2017. This text underwent numerous expansions and revisions throughout Antiquity and the Middle Ages,[306] containing many dubious stories,[304] and was translated into numerous languages. His father Philip was probably Alexander's most immediate and influential role model, as the young Alexander watched him campaign practically every year, winning victory after victory while ignoring severe wounds. [275] The process of Hellenization also spurred trade between the east and west. One Greek king, Menander I, probably became Buddhist, and was immortalized in Buddhist literature as 'Milinda'. [181][220] His unique abilities were further demonstrated by the inability of any of his generals to unite Macedonia and retain the Empire after his deathonly Alexander had the ability to do so. [104] However, when, at some point later, Alexander was on the Jaxartes dealing with an incursion by a horse nomad army, Spitamenes raised Sogdiana in revolt. [270] Alexander sought to insert Greek elements into Persian culture and to hybridize Greek and Persian culture, homogenizing the populations of Asia and Europe. [65][f] He showed his intent to conquer the entirety of the Persian Empire by throwing a spear into Asian soil and saying he accepted Asia as a gift from the gods. WebAlexanders is still family owned, which means we can do business the way we want to, based on our deeply-rooted values and long-held traditions. [291][292][293] The historian Christopher Matthew mentions that the term Phalangarii has two possible meanings, both with military connotations. When Alexander was ten years old, a trader from Thessaly brought Philip a horse, which he offered to sell for thirteen talents. This campaign, initially against Bessus, turned into a grand tour of central Asia. [231] Alexander adopted elements of Persian dress and customs at court, notably proskynesis, which was one aspect of Alexander's broad strategy aimed at securing the aid and support of the Iranian upper classes;[102] however the practise of proskynesis was disapproved by the Macedonians, and they were unwilling to perform it. [162], Alexander's body was laid in a gold anthropoid sarcophagus that was filled with honey, which was in turn placed in a gold casket. [86], From Babylon, Alexander went to Susa, one of the Achaemenid capitals, and captured its treasury. Alexanders father, Philip II of Macedon, hired Aristotle, one of historys greatest philosophers,, to educate the 13-year-old prince. At which Alexander reproachfully insulted over him: "See there," said he, "the man who makes preparations to pass out of Europe into Asia, overturned in passing from one seat to another. [292], In 39, Caligula performed a spectacular stunt by ordering a temporary floating bridge to be built using ships as pontoons, stretching for over two miles from the resort of Baiae to the neighbouring port of Puteoli. UPCOMING EVENTS. WebAlexanders is still family owned, which means we can do business the way we want to, based on our deeply-rooted values and long-held traditions. [161], Several natural causes (diseases) have been suggested, including malaria and typhoid fever. [319], In the Greek Anthology, there are poems referring to Alexander.[320][321]. [67], From Halicarnassus, Alexander proceeded into mountainous Lycia and the Pamphylian plain, asserting control over all coastal cities to deny the Persians naval bases. Alexander moved back and forth between Detroit's active roster and practice squad over the first half of the season. [7], Alexander III was born in Pella, the capital of the Kingdom of Macedon,[8] on the sixth day of the ancient Greek month of Hekatombaion, which probably corresponds to 20 July 356 BC (although the exact date is uncertain). Nicolle, David (2000). [163] Other illnesses fit the symptoms, including acute pancreatitis, West Nile virus,[164][165] and Guillain-Barr syndrome. We are proud to offer over 125 university level courses that transfer to other universities and colleges in the BCCAT system. After the defeat, Spitamenes was killed by his own men, who then sued for peace. WebThe name Alexander is primarily a male name of Greek origin that means Defender Of The People. in Pella, Macedonia, to King Philip II. [317] In medieval Europe, Alexander the Great was revered as a member of the Nine Worthies, a group of heroes whose lives were believed to encapsulate all the ideal qualities of chivalry. [288][289], Pompey posed as the "new Alexander" since he was his boyhood hero. This so irritated Alexander, that throwing one of the cups at his head, "You villain," said he, "what, am I then a bastard?" [76] After three unsuccessful assaults, the stronghold fell, but not before Alexander had received a serious shoulder wound. Philip II had waged war against the Thracians to the north, which left Alexander in charge as regent and heir apparent. [231] He began to identify himself as the son of Zeus-Ammon. Asian Studies. Bucephalas carried Alexander as far as India. [61], After an initial victory against Persian forces at the Battle of the Granicus, Alexander accepted the surrender of the Persian provincial capital and treasury of Sardis; he then proceeded along the Ionian coast, granting autonomy and democracy to the cities. WebAlexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: , romanized: Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. Alexander was the first to break the Theban lines, followed by Philip's generals. CITY PARK. For other uses, see. [83] Darius once more fled the field, and Alexander chased him as far as Arbela. From Pamphylia onwards the coast held no major ports and Alexander moved inland. ABOUT US; CONTACT US; CITY BOARDS; NEWS & EVENTS. Possible causes include a drunken accident or deliberate revenge for the burning of the Acropolis of Athens during the Second Persian War by Xerxes;[90] Plutarch and Diodorus allege that Alexander's companion, the hetaera Thas, instigated and started the fire. Alexanders father, Philip II of Macedon, hired Aristotle, one of historys greatest philosophers,, to educate the 13-year-old prince. His troops misunderstood his intention and mutinied at the town of Opis. According to the legend, after Alexander hunted on the Mount Pagus, he slept under a plane tree at the sanctuary of Nemesis. [57] The Macedonians marched into the country of the Triballi, and defeated their army near the Lyginus river[58] (a tributary of the Danube). Trending. [197] During his lifetime, Alexander carefully curated his image by commissioning works from famous and great artists of the time. [294][295] It was said that the bridge was to rival the Persian king Xerxes' pontoon bridge crossing of the Hellespont. [22], During his youth, Alexander was also acquainted with Persian exiles at the Macedonian court, who received the protection of Philip II for several years as they opposed Artaxerxes III. In the end, Philip chose Aristotle and provided the Temple of the Nymphs at Mieza as a classroom. In the winter of 327/326BC, Alexander personally led a campaign against the Aspasioi of Kunar valleys, the Guraeans of the Guraeus valley, and the Assakenoi of the Swat and Buner valleys. Some of these alternate spellings include Alejandro, Alessandro, and Alexzander. Some of the first and most influential figurative portrayals of the Buddha appeared at this time, perhaps modelled on Greek statues of Apollo in the Greco-Buddhist style. Conquest of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, Unsuccessful plan to cut a canal through the Anatolian isthmus, Naming of the Icarus island in the Persian Gulf, The first known person to call Alexander "the Great" was a Roman playwright named, Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S. (2009), A History of Macedonia: Volume III: 336167 B.C. Went on to occupy the city of Elatea, sending a final offer of peace to Athens and,... This would fit with the intended destination of Alexander 's empire began to himself... Protecting the integrity of all client information within an international best practice compliance framework did. Tenderest cuts of beef Alexander did not respond well to orders from his father, responded! Hellenistic Asia and Europe ( Greco-Buddhist monasticism ) the common soldiers, anxious about his health, granted. 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